Objective To investigate the strategy, method, and results of later disposal in the plague epidemic areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Methods The data on later disposal in the plague epidemic areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region during 2002-2012 were subjected to statistical analysis and evaluation by epidemiological and statistical methods. Results From 2002 to 2012, the number of plague cases in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region dropped from 42 to 0, the detection rate of Yersinia pestis from 0.19% to 0, the positive rate of F1 antibody from 0.38% to 0, the flea-carrying rate from 68.00% to 4.64%, and the flea index from 1.15 to 0.06; the rat density was controlled under 5%. Conclusion The later disposal in plague epidemic areas has obviously controlled the epidemic situation of plague, so it is worth promoting in the plague epidemic areas.

Objective To analyze the plague surveillance results in Longlin county, Guangxi, China from 2000 to 2011, and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of plague. Methods Analytic epidemiology and medical statistics were used for the statistics, analysis, and evaluation of the plague surveillance results in Longlin from 2000 to 2011. Results During the past 12 years, a total of 6064 rats, belonging to 11 species in 3 families of 2 orders, were caught, with an annual mean rat density of 3.21%, and Rattus tanezumi acted as the dominant species; a total of 5865 rat fleas, belonging to 6 species, were collected, with an annual mean rat flea-carrying rate of 26.59% and a mean flea index of 0.97, and Xenopsylla cheopis was the dominant species. A total of 6030 rat samples were bred, and 10 Yersinia pestis strains were isolated. Indirect hemagglutination test was used to examine 3663 rat sera and 1792 indicator animal sera. Two positive rat sera (0.05%) and 24 positive indicator animal sera (1.34%) were obtained. Conclusion There is natural epidemic focus of R. tanezumi in Longlin county, according to the analysis considering geography, host animals, vector fleas, pathogens, and other factors. Plague surveillance must be strengthened to prevent the prevalence of plague.

Objective To determine the population composition of rodents and fleas and investigate plague in the natural foci in Longlin county, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region for formulation of prevention and control strategies. Methods The flea-carrying rate and flea index of rodents were calculated based on the number of fleas collected from caged rodents. The free flea index was calculated according to the number of indoor fleas captured on sticky paper. The mammals were then subject to etiological and serological tests to determine the infection rate. Results Rodents of eleven species (3 families with 2 orders) and fleas (6 species) predominantly Rattus tanezumi and Xenopsylla cheopis were found in the foci. The average rodent density, flea-carrying rate, flea index and index of X. cheopis were 3.24%, 27.09%, 0.95 and 0.74, respectively. The indoor free flea index was 0.046. Among 5398 cultured rodent specimens, 10 strains of Yersinia pestis were isolated; two positive sera and 24 indicative sera were detected via indirect hemorrhagic assay (IHA). Conclusion The optimum period for rodent control is April and October and the key period for plague monitoring is from February to October in the natural foci of R. tanezumi plague in Longlin county.

Objective To investigate and identify the species composition and distribution of fleas in the plague focus in Longlin county, providing the basis for plague prevention and control. Methods Fleas were collected from rodents captured by cage traps to calculate the flea-carrying rate and flea index. Free fleas on indoor floors were collected using sticky papers for computation of the floor flea index. Results A total of 2839 fleas in 6 species under 5 genera, 3 families were captured. Xenopsylla cheopis was the dominant species. The average rodent carrying rate, flea index, index of X. cheopis and free flea index on floors were 27.12%, 0.98, 0.78 and 0.046, respectively. Besides, the monthly dynamics of the rodent flea-carrying index and free flea index were bimodal, despite regular pattern on a yearly basis. Conclusion X. cheopis, Pulex irritans and Monopsyllus anisus are the targeted subjects for plague control in Longlin county.

【Abstract】 Objective To study killing effects to rodents in large reservoir region, and provide scientific basis for rodent control.  Methods 0.1% sodium diphacinone was given indoor, and 0.005% Bromadiolone  outdoor in the Pingban reservoir region. 0.005% Bromadiolone baits were given in the outdoors of the Baise reservoir, Ertan reservoir and Changzhou reservoir region, while 0.0375% Racumin wheat baits was taken in the indoor and outdoor of Longtan reservoir region.  Results The killing rate was 83.89% in the Pingban reservoir, 83.40% in the Baise reservoir, 92.82% in the Ertan reservoir, 86.65% in the Longtan reservoir and 89.35% in the Changzhou reservoir region.  Conclusion Bromadiolone and Racumin had good killing effect on rodents in reservoir region, and the integrated control measure was taken to reduce effectively the rodent density.

Objective To find out the distribution of the main rodent animals and fleas population and provide information for control of plague in Hepu county. Methods The surveillance data of plague were analyzed and assessed in Hepu county from 1987 to 2006. Results Eight species belonged to three families, two orders of rodent animals and seven species of fleas were found in this area. Rattus losea and Xenopsylla cheopis were dominant species, R.flavipectus, R.norvegicus, Suncus murinus, and Banolicota indica were familiar species. The annual average density of rodents, the infected rate with flea of rodents, index of fleas, index of X.cheopis and free flea in room were 10.58%, 28.38%, 0.7916, 0.5702 and 0.0515 respectively. Conclusion The results show that the natural infective foci in Hepu county remains in a quiescent period and the best rodent control months are February and September and the important surveillance period of plague is from January to July.

Objective To study seasonal fluctuation of Rattus flavipectus and the species composition of fleas,and provide the evidences for the policy making in Hepu county of Guangxi.Methods The surveillance data of plague were analyzed and assessed in Hepu county in 1987-2005.Results There were 6 species parasitical fleas in Rattus flavipectus,it's annual average density,infection rate of fleas,index of Xenopsylla cheopis were 4.09%,43.13% and 1.0982 respectively.Conclusion The seasonal fluctuation of R.flavipectus and the species composition of parasitical fleas were clear.The host animal and Xenopsylla cheopis should be controled.

Objective To know the main plague reservoirs and vectors,and to identify the distributive region and the features of plague foci in Longlin and Xilin counties of Guangxi province. Methods The investigations were carried out in 53 villages with epidemiology methods. Rodents,fleas and plague indicative animals were collected for isolating Yersinia pestis and detecting of F1 antibody. Results The 10 species in 3 families of the 2 orders of the rodents and the 6 species of fleas were identified in the areas. Rattus flavipestus and Xenopsylla cheopis were the dominant species. The 25 strains Y.pestis were isolated from R.flavipestus and the 31 positive animals serums of F1 antibody were detected. Conclusion Based on the factors of geography,reservoirs,vectors and pathogens. The plague foci exist in Longlin and Xilin county of Guangxi province. The plague foci in the areas have the same feature with the plague foci of R.flavipectus.

Objective To investigate the importance of the indicator animals in plague surveillance by finding out the positivity rate against the F ₁ antibody of plague in the plague focus. Methods IHA was used to test the F ₁ antibody against plague in the blood serum of the indicator animals and rodents. Results The positivity rates of the F ₁ antibody of the indicator animals and rodents were 2.06%(10/486) and 0.37%(1/272),respectively. The positivity rates were significantly different (χ ²=4.18, P<0.05) between the indicator animals and rodents. Conclusion The indicator animals was important for the prevention and control of plague.